2024年已经接近尾声， 今天来为大家盘点一下这一年的十大科学突破。 其中第7个是来自中国科学家的发现， 第9个是我们的老熟人马斯克带来的。 首先我们要介绍的是科技突破的冠军奖项， 来自人类向艾滋病的正式宣战—— 一种长效艾滋病预防针剂。 一年两针， 就几乎能100%阻断HIV感染。 长久以来， 艾滋病都是一种不可治愈的严重传染病， 一经感染就要终生服药， 而且仍然可能会因为 药物的副作用或并发症 导致死亡。 这是由於艾滋病毒是一种单链RNA病毒， 在人体内平均2天就会变异为新生病毒， 这种极高的变异率 也导致艾滋病治疗药物的研发难度极大。 当前最有效的阻断药， 需要在高危行为後的2小时内服用， 时间越长 阻断成功率越低， 还要连吃28天， 对人体肝脏和肾脏产生不小的副作用。 而现在， 美国生物制药公司吉利德研发出了一种 名为lenacapavir的抗HIV长效注射剂。 研究团队於今年6月在非洲开展了一项 超过5000人的观察实验， 结果发现， 这种药物注射一次後， 就能在半年内将艾滋病毒的感染力降至0。 如果这种药物推广开来， 最大的受益人就是那些 有职业暴露风险的一线人员， 比如医护人员丶缉毒警察等等。 第二项突破同样来自医学领域， 针对的是号称“不死癌症”的红斑狼疮。 准确的说， 是以红斑狼疮丶类风湿性关节炎丶 强直性脊柱炎为代表的 自身免疫性疾病。 所谓“自身免疫性疾病”简单来说就是“自己打自己”， 本来负责保护身体的免疫系统突然造反， 开始毫无理由地攻击身体其他器官。 现有的治疗方法通常是以抑制免疫系统为主， 虽然抑制了免疫系统的攻击， 但也同时失去了免疫系统的保护， 人体会产生无可避免的虚弱， 也无法完全治愈这类疾病。 但现在 德国科学家采用了一种名为 嵌合抗原受体T细胞（CAR-T）的新疗法， 能够利用免疫细胞治疗自身免疫疾病， 在临床上使患者达到“治愈”或者“有效控制”的目标。 第三项科技突破来自星辰大海， 2021年NASA发射的韦伯望远镜， 今年已经走到了足够远的地方， 观察到了很多宇宙诞生之初的星系。 这些星系比天文学理论预估的要多1000倍， 这一发现改写了人们对於早期宇宙演化的认知， 对於人类探索宇宙起源有极大的意义。 而第四项科学突破就接地气多了， 美国公司GreenLight Biosciences 研发出了两种特殊的“杀虫剂”， 一种是基於RNA干扰技术的喷雾剂， 针对特定害虫的基因进行设计， 能做到只精准打击目标， 几乎不损伤环境和其他生物。 另一种则是转基因玉米， 人吃了没事， 害虫吃了就死。 现在，很多害虫已经对杀虫剂产生了抗性， 每年在全球范围内造成数十亿美元的农作物损失。 而这种新型杀虫方法 现在已经被美国国家环境保护局（EPA）批准， 预计将对现状产生极大改善。 第五项科学突破需要我们睁大眼睛， 将视线投入微观世界。 就在今年， 科学家发现了一种全新的细胞结构， 叫做硝基体（Nitroplast）， 它与我们熟悉的线粒体丶叶绿体一样， 都是细胞中具有特定形态结构和功能的微器官， 学名叫“细胞器”。 细胞器就像是细胞内部的一个个小工厂， 不同工厂负责不同的工作。 打个比方， 线粒体是负责生产能量的“能量工厂”， 叶绿体是转化能量的“太阳能电池板”， 而硝基体就是一座“转化工厂”， 负责将空气中的氮固定下来， 然後转化为植物生长所需的氨。 在当前已知的生命演化史中， 每一种细胞器的出现 都意味着生命的一次进化， 硝基体这一全新的细胞器的出现， 或许也将影响地球生命演化的方向， 还可能使我们的生活发生翻天覆地的变化。 比如，如果将硝基体的这种“固氮机制”推广到农业领域， 那麽未来的农作物就可以不再依赖外部的氮肥， 自给自足地生长。 第六项科学突破 来自我们生活中相当熟悉的一个概念——磁。 比如我每到世界各地都会购买的冰箱贴， 贴满了整整一个大冰箱， 它在物理学上属於“铁磁体”， 这种磁体内部的电子自旋整齐划一， 就像一个排列整齐的队伍， 队员们全都指向同一个方向， 因此也就产生了强大的磁场， 这就是铁磁体能吸住金属的原因。 另一种能长期保持磁性的材料叫做“反铁磁体”， 它的电子队伍不断自旋， 队员们指向的方向也是一半向上，一半向下， 结果就是彼此抵消，相互对抗， 对外看起来不具有磁性， 但却拥有内部磁场。 这种特性使得反铁磁体常常被应用於 数据存储丶微波器件和量子计算等领域， 比如自旋扭矩振荡器丶二极管等等。 百年以来， 铁磁体和反铁磁体都被认为是唯二的两种永磁体， 就是“能长期保持磁性的材料”。 但在今年， 科学家们发现了第三种永磁体，交错磁体（Altermagnet）。 这种材料的电子队伍既不整齐划一，也不互相抵抗， 而像是一群舞者， 每个舞者都按照自己的节奏来跳舞， 这就使得它产生了一种独特的强自旋现象。 普通状态下， 交错磁体看起来和反铁磁体一样没有外部磁场， 但当电流通过时， 它又像铁磁体那样拥有强大的磁场。 科学家们认为，这种全新的材料 能帮助我们制造更高效的计算机硬盘， 甚至是全新的“自旋电子计算机”， 这种计算机能利用电子的自旋 而非电流来进行运算， 能让信息的存储和处理更加紧凑和高效。 除此之外， 磁性材料本就是电机行业的核心， 涉及汽车丶家电丶轨道交通丶电子信息设备等多个领域， 交错磁体的发现 不仅将为已有领域带来革命性的新应用， 还可能催生全新的技术领域。 第七项来自中国科学家的一项发现， 今年年初， 中国科学院的朱茂炎团队 在距今约16.4亿年前的地层中 发现了一种多细胞真核生物化石。 所谓真核生物是包括所有植物丶动物和真菌在内的 将DNA封装在细胞核内的生物。 科学家们通常认为， 真核生物以单个细胞的形式存在了约10亿年， 而在距今大概10亿年前， 多细胞体的真核生物开始出现， 这意味着更加覆杂的生物体演化的开始， 也是整个地球的生命进化史中 一个相当重要的时间节点。 而现在， 中国科学家的发现将这个节点往前推了5亿年， 这既为地球生命的历史解开了新的一页， 也将为医学领域提供新的可能。 比如现在所有的癌症， 本质上都是一种细胞失控生长的现象， 而理解生命在早期阶段 如何从单细胞生物 发展到多细胞生物， 多细胞之间又是如何协作丶如何分化， 也将为科学家开发新型的生物疗法提供思路。 第八项是一项地质学研究。 长久以来， 科学家认为地球上的大陆 就像一个巨大而缓慢变化的拼图， 板块构造的力量不停撕裂和移动它们， 最终形成了现在的七大洲八大洋。 在过去， 科学家们认为地球只会在局部地区进行 “拼图”， 也就是只有大陆裂开形成的裂谷附近， 才会受到这种局部的剧烈活动的影响。 但今年的一项研究发现， 这种局部的“拼图行为”会在地球内部引发绵延不绝的“地幔波”， 进而影响到整个大陆的结构。 这种“地幔波”就像一只无限延伸的大手， 能把重的岩石“撕”掉， 留下轻的岩石， 这些轻岩随後会像气球一样浮起来， 形成高原。 还能引发一系列的其他地质现象， 比如促使大量钻石从地下爆发， 或者引发地震， 甚至可能是导致某些远古海洋生物灭绝的元凶。 这项发现看似离我们相当遥远， 但也可能间接影响到我们的生活， 比如， 当我们更深入地理解地球内部“隐藏世界”的波动时， 地震等地质灾害的预警就将会更加准确， 也能更好地寻找钻石或稀有矿石这样的地下宝藏， 带动矿业行业和相关经济领域。 第九项科学突破则来自我们的老熟人马斯克， 在今年10月的那次史无前例的“筷子夹火箭”。 其中“火箭”是指SpaceX可覆用的多级火箭“星舰飞船”， 它由两节或更多节的火箭堆叠组合在一起， 星舰飞船升空时， 位於下方，负责提供动力的那一节火箭会逐渐脱落。 而“筷子”指的则是发射塔上的机械臂， 在脱落的火箭部件以超音速坠落时， 这条机械臂成功从空中抓住了部件， 就像是“用筷子夹住了火箭”。 这个动作本身对火箭飞行控制系统的精度 和悬停能力要求就极高， 略有差池， 就可能导致火箭在发射塔上倾倒或爆炸， 因此“筷子夹火箭”的成功， 本就意味着一次史无前例的技术突破， 而被成功回收的火箭部件下次发射还能继续用， 这就直接节省了数十亿美元的成本。 现在， SpaceX已经通过部分可覆用的火箭 将货物送入轨道的成本降低了大约10倍， 而如果“筷子夹火箭”技术能够进一步推广， 能够稳定丶成功地回收越来越多的火箭部件， 甚至支持一艘完全可重覆使用的星际飞船， 届时， 马斯克的火星梦或许就真的离我们不远了。 最後一项技术突破， 来自对古人类亲属关系的研究。 科学家们通过从古代骨骼和牙齿中提取的DNA， 估测出了几千年前的人类的迁徙路线丶饮食习惯和亲缘关系， 甚至为他们建立了长达八代的家谱。 这项技术对历史考据有着极大意义。 能帮助历史学家更清晰地了解社会结构文化的演变过程， 同时对古代DNA的研究 也能帮助生物学家更好地理解疾病的起源和演变， 为现代疾病预防的医学治疗策略提供新的线索。 以上就是世界顶刊Science 公布的2024年年度十大科学突破。 我们可以看到， 从医学到物理学， 从农业杀虫剂到太空飞船， 从人类起源到宇宙起源， 每一项研究都从不同领域， 以前所未有的创新方法打开了科学之门。 新的一年即将到来， 也期待能有更多的科学突破， 能为我们未来的生活和工作带来更好的改变。 2025，爱你爱我！ 素材 总览： 长效HIV预防针剂 利用免疫细胞治疗自身免 韦伯望远镜探测宇宙起源 RNA杀虫剂 固氮细胞结构的发现 第三种永磁体的发现 多细胞体早在16亿年前就已出现 地幔波动塑造了我们生活的大陆 SpaceX“筷子夹火箭” 远古DNA揭示家族关系 2024 is drawing to a close Let me take stock for you today This year's top ten scientific breakthroughs in The seventh is a discovery by scientists from China. The ninth was brought by our old acquaintance Musk So let's start with this. We're going to introduce the champions of scientific breakthroughs From humanity's official declaration of war on AIDS A long-acting AIDS prevention injection Two injections a year can almost 100% block HIV infection For a long time AIDS Is an incurable serious infectious disease Once infected, take medicine for life And it may still be due to the side effects of the drug Or complications Cause death This is due to HIV is a single-stranded RNA virus. Two days on average in the human body. It will mutate into a nascent virus This extremely high mutation rate Also lead to The development of AIDS drugs is extremely difficult The current most effective blocking drugs It needs to be taken within two hours of high-risk behavior The longer it takes The lower the success rate of blockade 28 days in a row It has significant side effects on the human liver and kidneys Now Gilead, an American biopharmaceutical company. Developed a method called Lenacapavir long-acting injection against HIV The research team announced in June this year In Africa We conducted an observation experiment with more than 5,000 people. It turned out that After one injection of this drug In half a year Reduce HIV infection to zero If this drug were to spread The greatest beneficiary It's those frontline personnel who are at risk of occupational exposure Like healthcare workers, drug cops, etc The second breakthrough also came from the medical field For lupus erythematosus, the so-called immortal cancer Precisely Lupus Erythematosus Rheumatoid Arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis autoimmune disease so-called self immune disease Simply put, it is to beat yourself up It's supposed to protect the body's immune system Sudden rebellion Start attacking other organs of the body for no reason Existing treatment methods Usually suppresses the immune system Although it suppresses the immune system's attack But also lose the protection of the immune system The human body generates inevitable weakness You can't cure it. But now German scientists Adopted a method called Chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) The new treatment We can use immune cells to treat autoimmune diseases. In clinical practice Enabling patients to achieve the goal of cure or effective control The third scientific breakthrough comes from the sea of stars The Webb Telescope launched by NASA in 2021 This year has gone far enough Many galaxies from the beginning of the universe have been observed These galaxies 1,000 times more than expected by astronomical theory This discovery Rewrote our understanding of the evolution of the early universe It is of great significance for humans to explore the origin of the universe And the fourth scientific breakthrough is much more grounded American company GreenLight Biosciences Two special pesticides have been developed One is a spray based on RNA interference technology Genetic design for specific pests Can only accurately hit the target Little damage to the environment and other organisms The other is genetically modified corn. It's okay to eat Pests eat and die Now. Many pests have developed resistance to pesticides Every year on a global scale Cause billions of dollars in crop damage And this new insecticidal method It's now approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It is expected to greatly improve the current situation The fifth scientific breakthrough We need to keep our eyes open. Put your eyes on the microscopic world Just this year. Scientists have discovered a completely new cellular structure It's called nitro. It is similar to the familiar mitochondria Chloroplast Have a specific shape in the cell Structural and functional microorgans Organelles. organelle They're like little factories inside cells. Different factories are responsible for different tasks For example Mitochondria are energy factories that produce energy. Chloroplasts are solar panels that convert energy. And nitro is a conversion factory. Then the nitrogen in the air is fixed Then it is converted into ammonia needed for plant growth In the current known evolutionary history of life The appearance of each organelle Means an evolution of life Emergence of a new organelle called nitrosomes It may also affect the direction in which life on Earth evolves It may also make our lives better earth-shaking changes For example, if this nitrogen fixation mechanism of nitro matter is Extend to agriculture So future crops You can no longer rely on external nitrogen fertilizers Self-sufficient growth The sixth scientific breakthrough It comes from a concept that we're all pretty familiar with. magnetic For a hundred years Ferromagnets and Antiferromagnets Both are considered to be the only two permanent magnet It is a material that can remain magnetic for a long time But this year Scientists have discovered a third type of permanent magnet It's called a staggered magnet. Scientists believe that This brand new material Can help us make more efficient computer hard drives Even brand new "spintronic computers" This kind of computer can use the electron's spin Instead of current to operate Allows for the storage and processing of information More compact and efficient In addition to that Magnetic materials are the core of the motor industry Involving automobiles, home appliances, and rail transit electronic communications Information equipment and other fields The Discovery of Jiaozuo Magnets Not only will it be for existing fields Bring revolutionary new applications It may also give rise to entirely new technological fields Item 7 It is a discovery made by our Chinese scientists. Early this year Zhu Maoyan Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences About 1.64 billion years ago A fossil multicellular eukaryote has been discovered So-called eukaryotes It includes all plants, animals and fungi Encapsulates DNA in the nucleus Biologists generally believe that Eukaryotes take the form of single cells For about 1 billion years About 1 billion years ago Multicellular eukaryotes began to emerge This means that The beginning of the evolution of more complex organisms In the evolutionary history of life on Earth A rather significant point in time And now Chinese scientists have discovered Pushed the node forward 500 million years This is the history of life on Earth Unlocked a new page It will also open up new possibilities for the medical field Like all cancers today. It's essentially an uncontrolled growth of cells. And understanding life at an early stage How to develop from a single-celled organism to a multicellular organism How do they cooperate and how do they differentiate? New biological therapies will also be developed for scientists Provide ideas The eighth item is a geological study For a long time Scientists believe that The continents of the earth It's like a big, slowly changing puzzle. The forces of plate tectonics are constantly tearing and moving them Eventually formed what is now the seven continents and eight oceans In the past, scientists believed that The Earth will only be puzzled in local areas That is, near the rift valley formed by the splitting of the continents To be affected by this localized intense activity But a study this year found that This partial "puzzle behavior" Will cause continuous "mantle waves" inside the earth And that in turn affects the structure of entire continents This "mantle wave" is like a huge hand that extends infinitely Can tear off heavy rocks Leaving light rocks behind These light rocks will then float up like balloons Form a plateau It can also trigger a series of other geological phenomena For example, causing a large number of diamonds to explode from the ground Or cause an earthquake Maybe even Is responsible for the extinction of some ancient marine life This discovery seems rather distant But it can also affect our lives indirectly For example, when we understand more deeply When the fluctuations of the hidden world inside the earth Earthquakes and other geological disasters It will be more accurate It can also better search for diamonds or rare minerals Such an underground treasure Drive the mining industry and related economic sectors The ninth scientific breakthrough From our old acquaintance Musk in October this year Unprecedented "Chopsticks Clip Rocket" Among them, rockets Refers to SpaceX's reusable multi-stage rocket starship spacecraft It's a stack of rockets with two or more knots. Put together When the starship takes off The section below that provides power The rocket will gradually fall off And "chopsticks" refers to the robotic arm on the launch tower When the falling rocket parts fall at supersonic speeds This robotic arm? Successfully grabbed the part from the air It's like clipping a rocket with "chopsticks" The action itself The accuracy of the rocket flight control system And hover ability It's incredibly demanding. Slight difference pool Could cause the rocket to fall on the launch tower Or explode therefore The success of chopsticks clipping rockets It would have meant an unprecedented technological breakthrough Rocket parts that were successfully recovered Can continue to be used in the next launch This has directly saved billions of dollars in costs Now SpaceX has passed through a partially reusable rocket The cost of putting cargo into orbit Reduced by about 10 times And if "Chopsticks" clip rocket technology can be further promoted Can be stable Successfully recovering more and more rocket parts even Support for a fully reusable starship Musk's dream of Mars Maybe it's really not far from us The last technological breakthrough From the study of ancient human kinship Scientists DNA extracted from ancient bones and teeth Estimated human migration routes thousands of years ago Eating habits and kinship They even have an eight-generation family tree. This technology has tremendous implications for the study of history Can help historians A clearer understanding of social structure The process of cultural evolution And the study of ancient DNA It also helps biologists. To better understand the origin and evolution of diseases Medical treatment strategies for modern disease prevention Provide new clues This is the world's top science magazine The top 10 scientific breakthroughs announced for 2024 We can see From medicine to physics From agricultural pesticides to spaceships From the Origin of Man to the Origin of the Universe Each study is conducted from a different field In an unprecedented and innovative way Open the door to science The new year is coming I'm looking forward to more scientific breakthroughs. For our future life and work Bring about better change 2025 Love Me 中文报道 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzI3NDY3NzQ2Mg==&mid=2247521683&idx=1&sn=67d47a82f96c03c94907175bec80d921&scene=21#wechat_redirect science官网 https://www.science.org/content/article/breakthrough-2024#section_car-t-therapy 硝基体 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/o9oKkdKbY8oBMhT1vcAnow 永磁体 https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/19nxHlSdEicos7MpI9Ig7g
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